Alternativas de controle do diabetes / Alternatives for diabetes control / Alternativas para el control de la diabetes

O Diabetes desde a antiguidade tem sido uma das maiores causas de morte entre as populações do globo, e segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde continua assolando nos nossos dias. Apesar das descobertas de tratamentos mais eficazes, a doença vem avançando em progressões assustadoras atualmente, com projeções preocupantes para a saúde pública. Como estratégia de acompanhamento terapêutico, estatístico direcionado a portadores de diabetes, o Governo Federal lançou o programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensos e Diabéticos), que faz o acompanhamento da evolução da doença e das complicações dos pacientes. E neste sentido, também são utilizadas terapêuticas mais acessíveis como as plantas medicinais. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em realizar uma revisão bibliográfica abordando as opções de terapias de controle do diabetes oferecidas no Sistema Único de Saúde e pesquisar fitoterápicos com potencial hipoglicêmico aprovados pela Anvisa. Através de levantamento bibliográfico, foram identificadas oito espécies vegetais utilizadas pela medicina popular no controle do diabetes, sendo estas: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora e Baccharis Trimera. Essas plantas do programa, embora tenham comprovação de seu efeito hipoglicêmico e redutores dos sintomas diabéticos, pelas suas propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamatórias, colabora para uma melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

Since antiquity, Diabetes has been one of the biggest causes of death amon-g populations around the globe, and according to the World Health Organization, it continues to plague our days. Despite discoveries of more effective treatments, the disease is currently advancing in frightening progressions, with worrying projections for public health. As a therapeutic, statistical follow-up strategy aimed at people with diabetes, the Federal Government launched the HIPERDIA (Hypertensive and Diabetic) program, which monitors the evolution of the disease and the complications of patients. And in this sense, more accessible therapies such as medicinal plants are also used. The objective of this research is to carry out a literature review addressing the options for diabetes control therapies offered in the Unified Health System and to search for herbal medicines with hypoglycemic potential approved by Anvisa. Through a bibliographical survey, eight plant species used by folk medicine to control diabetes were identified, namely: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora and Bacharis Trimera. These plants in the program, although they have evidence of their hypoglycemic effect and reduce diabetic symptoms, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contribute to a better quality of life for patients.

La diabetes ha sido desde la antigüedad una de las principales causas de muerte entre las poblaciones del planeta, y según la Organización Mundial de la Salud sigue haciendo estragos en nuestros días. A pesar de los descubrimientos de tratamientos más eficaces, la enfermedad avanza actualmente con una progresión aterradora, con proyecciones preocupantes para la salud pública. Como estrategia de seguimiento terapéutico, estadísticamente dirigida a las personas con diabetes, el Gobierno Federal puso en marcha el programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensión y Diabetes), que controla la evolución de la enfermedad y las complicaciones de los pacientes. En este sentido, también se utilizan terapias más accesibles, como las plantas medicinales. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una revisión bibliográfica que aborde las opciones de terapias para el control de la diabetes ofrecidas en el Sistema Único de Salud y buscar fitoterapias con potencial hipoglucemiante aprobadas por Anvisa. Mediante un estudio bibliográfico, se identificaron ocho especies vegetales utilizadas por la medicina popular en el control de la diabetes, a saber: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora y Baccharis Trimera. Estas plantas del programa, aunque han demostrado su efecto hipoglucemiante y reductor de los síntomas diabéticos, por sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias, colaboran a una mejor calidad de vida para los pacientes.

Spontaneous poisoning by Baccharis vulneraria Backer in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis vulneraria Backer em bovinos

Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs' mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.

Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.

Spontaneous poisoning by Baccharis vulneraria Backer in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis vulneraria Backer em bovinos

Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs' mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.(AU)

Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.(AU)

Chemical composition and biological activity of Baccharis erioclada DC. essential oil

Abstract The chemically complex essential oils of Baccharis species are associated with several biological activities, such as antimicrobial and antiulcerous properties. However, few studies have investigated Baccharis erioclada DC. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to characterize the essential oil of B. erioclada and evaluate its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hemolytic potential. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phosphomolybdenum complex formation, reducing antioxidant power, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods were used to determine antioxidant potential. To evaluate the essential oil's antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were calculated. Hemolytic activity was determined in sheep red blood cells. Thirty-one compounds were identified via GC-MS analysis, representing 81.60% of the total essential oil. These compounds included: turmerone (27.97%), fokienol (13.47%), ledol (9.78%), and santalol (5.35%). The class of compounds identified was the oxygenated sesquiterpenes (62.52%). Antioxidant activity was confirmed via phosphomolybdenum complex formation and TBARS methods. Moderate antimicrobial activity and low hemolysis rates were displayed at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL

Phaseolin Induction on Common-Bean Cultivars and Biological Control of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 89 Race by Baccharis trimera (Less) Dc

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the fungitoxic effect of the aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 89 race, as well as its effect on the accumulation of phaseolin in hypocotyls of different cultivars and common bean varieties. It was obtained 20% aqueous extract from plants collected in municipalities of the Western Region of Paraná. Blocks containing C. lindemuthianum mycelium were transferred to Petri dishes containing medium with the different extracts and incubated at 25 °C. The colonies diameter was measured until the 12th day. Effects of aqueous extracts on phaseolin production was evaluated in hypocotyls of Carioca, Cnpf 8104, Soberana, Tibatã, Uirapurú cultivars, as well as Rosinha and Vermelho varieties. Each one cultivar and variety hypocotyl was transferred separately to test tubes containing 500 μL of 20% aqueous extracts. Sterile water, Bion®, and UV was used as controls. The phaseolin production was measured in spectrophotometer [280 nm]. Results of the evaluation of the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of Baccharis sp. specimens collected indicate that approximately 50% of the samples presented capacity to reduce between 74 and 92% of C. lindemuthianum growth. Cultivar Tibatã and Vermelho variety showed greater sensitivity over the applied treatments. Results of fungal filtrates and vegetal aqueous extracts presented a low capacity to induce the production of phaseolin in hypocotyls.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Populations of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. in Southern Brazil

HIGHLIGHTS Essential oils from populations of B. dracunculifolia were investigated. β-pinene and (E)-nerolidol were the main compounds in B. dracunculifolia populations. The difference in the chemical profile of the essential oils is quantitative only. There is a negative correlation between the antioxidant activity and spathulenol.

Abstract Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. is a Brazilian native plant, presenting wide chemical diversity and numerous pharmaceutical and industrial applications. This research assessed the yield, antioxidant activity and the chemical similarity of essential oils from 10 populations of B. dracunculifolia in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The extraction of the volatile compounds was carried out by hydrodistillation, the chemical composition was determined by GC/FID and GC/MS and the antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The essential oil yield of wild B. dracunculifolia populations ranged from 0.14 to 0.87%. The oils were predominantly composed of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (34.16 - 51.01%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (18.02 - 46.17%) and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (9.60 - 17.70%). The major compounds found in all populations were β-pinene (7.65 - 29.8%) and (E)-nerolidol (9.11 - 21.68%). Essential oil solutions (20%) from different populations presented antioxidant capacity ranging from 27.78 to 91.67%. A negative correlation was found between the antioxidant activity and spathulenol (r = -0.696). Multivariate analyses separated the populations into three groups: (1) low concentrations of α-pinene (2.02 - 2.06%), (2) high concentrations of α-pinene (4.17 - 4.61%) and β-pinene (22.54 - 29.80%), and (3) intermediate concentrations of α-pinene (2.38 - 3.31%), β-pinene (12.77 - 19.03%) and spathulenol (6.02 - 9.06%).

Assessment and antimricrobial modulating activity of the extract of Baccharis cinerea DC. from cariri cearense / Avaliação da atividade antimricrobiana e moduladora do extrato de Baccharis cinerea DC. oriunda do cariri cearense

Baccharis cinerea belongs to the Asteraceae family,in Brazil is found in the Northeast and Southeast, occurring in the Caatinga and Mata Atlântica biomes, on the edges of the seasonal forests, board and altitude forests in both regenerating primary and secondary areas. Has proven antimicrobial and antiviral activity and is widely used in folk medicine for its various therapeutic effects and is used as an antiseptic for skin and wound infections, inflammation, diarrhea as well as being used as a purgative.The plants used in the traditional medicine are more and more explored scientifically because they are possible resources of substances with antimicrobial activity in front damage man's health microorganism. In this context the objective of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity, modulator activity of antibiotic and in vitro phytochemical prospection of leaf ethanol extracts. Tests were performed on the bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536). The antibacterial activity was analyzed by means determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). For the evaluation of the modulating activity, the microdilution method of the diluted extract samples with the antibiotic's amikacin, clindamycin and gentamicin was used. The MIC results were ≥ 1024 µg mL-1 by the bacterial strains. There was a relevance of concentrations in modulation with the antimicrobials tested such as amikacin and gentamicin, there were no discrepancy of clindamycin results in association with the extract. The chemical constituents found were leucoanthocyanidins, flabobenic tannins, flavanones, flavones, flavonoids, xanthones, chalcones, aurones. It is important to note that is necessary to do other studies to evaluate the potential of this species because it has important chemical compounds in reducing antimicrobial resistance.

Baccharis cinerea pertence à família Asteraceae, no Brasil é encontrada nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, ocorrendo nos biomas Caatinga e Mata Atlântica, nas bordas das florestas estacionais, tabuleiro e de altitude em áreas primárias e secundárias em regeneração. Tem atividade antimicrobiana e antiviral comprovada e é amplamente utilizado na medicina popular por seus diversos efeitos terapêuticos, sendo utilizado como antisséptico para infecções de pele e feridas, inflamação, diarreia e também como purgante. As plantas utilizadas na medicina tradicional são cada vez mais exploradas cientificamente, pois são possíveis recursos de substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana que prejudicam a saúde do homem. Neste contexto o objetivo do estudo foi investigar a atividade antimicrobiana, atividade moduladora de antibióticos e prospecção fitoquímica in vitro de extratos etanólicos de folhas. Os testes foram realizados nas cepas bacterianas de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536). A atividade antibacteriana foi analisada por meio da determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). Para avaliação da atividade moduladora, foi utilizado o método de microdiluição das amostras do extrato diluído com os antibióticos amicacina, clindamicina e gentamicina. Os resultados da MIC foram ≥ 1024 µg mL-1 pelas cepas bacterianas. Houve relevância das concentrações na modulação com os antimicrobianos testados como amicacina e gentamicina, não havendo discrepância nos resultados da clindamicina em associação com o extrato. Os constituintes químicos encontrados foram leucoantocianidinas, taninos flabobênicos, flavanonas, flavonas, flavonóides, xantonas, chalconas, auronas. É importante ressaltar que é necessária a realização de outros estudos para avaliar o potencial desta espécie, pois possui compostos químicos importantes na redução da resistência aos antimicrobianos.

Presencia de Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill. en muestras comerciales rotuladas como "carqueja" adquiridas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Presence of Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill. in comercial samples labeled as "carqueja" purchased in the City of Buenos Aires

El género Baccharis, perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae, es un género de plantas perennes, dioicas, de hábitos arbustivos o herbáceos, con hojas enteras o tallos alados. Este género se ha estudiado ampliamente desde el punto de vista etnobotánico, farmacobotánico y farmacognóstico. En la medicina popular argentina, se utilizan principalmente Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers., Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. y Baccharis crispa Spreng. como digestivas y hepatoprotectoras en infusiones. Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill. es empleada como sustituyente de las especies antes mencionadas. Con el fin de conocer el grado de dicha sustitución se realizó un análisis prospectivo de muestras rotuladas como "carqueja" en herboristerías de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires en los años 2017 y 2018 y se compararon sus caracteres morfológicos y micrográficos contra bibliografía especializada. Se determinó que cerca de la mitad de las muestras comercializadas corresponden a B. spicata y el resto a B. articulata, B. trimera y B. crispa.

The genus Baccharis belongs to the Asteraceae family and it is caracterized for its perennial, dioecious species with either leaves or winged stems. These plants have been widely studied regarding its ethnobotanical, pharmacobotanical and phytochemical aspects. Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers., Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. and Baccharis crispa Spreng. are known as "carqueja", and are used in the of Argentinian folk medicine as hepatoprotective and digestive agents in infusions. Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill. has been cited in several investigations as a substitute of the above mentioned species. The aim of this article is to know the degree of this substitution by the prospection and the pharmacobotanical analysis of commercial samples labeled as "carqueja". Macroscopical and microscopical characters were obtained and compared to specialized bibliography. It was determined that near half of the obtained samples belonged to B. spicata y and the rest to B. articulata, B. trimera and B. crispa.

CO2 Fertilizer Effect on Growth, Polyphenols, and Endophytes in Two Baccharis Species

Abstract In a climate change context, the buildup of CO2 will affect plant communities worldwide. This study evaluated the effects of CO2 enrichment on the development and defense of two Cerrado native species Baccharis dracunculifolia and B. platypoda and their associated endophytic fungi richness. The study took place in Open-Top Chambers, two with ambient CO2 concentration (~400 ppm) and two in an enriched environment (~800 ppm). Baccharis platypoda developed 20% more leaves under enriched CO2 conditions, whereas B. dracunculifolia was 30% taller and showed 27% more leaves than those under ambient conditions. In both species, leaf polyphenol concentration did not differ between treatments. Nevertheless, polyphenol content had a positive correlation with plant height on both species' individuals grown under CO2 enriched conditions. Endophytic fungi richness and colonization rate on both plant species did not differ between ambient and enriched conditions. Our results show the positive effect of CO2 fertilizer in at least one of the measured growth parameters. An important new finding was a synergistic increase in growth and chemical defense in both studied species under enriched CO2 conditions, suggesting higher carbon assimilation and accumulation. This study suggests that the effects on primary productivity and secondary metabolites of Baccharis species will potentially reflect on the diversity and distribution of Cerrado plants and their associated animal communities.

Tratamento da fístula anal com extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia. Estudo experimental em ratos / Treatment of anal fistula with Baccharis dracunculifolia extract. Experimental study in rats

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia do extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia no tratamento de fístulas anais em ratos. Métodos: vinte ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos à confecção de fístula anal e, após 30 dias, foram distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo Controle, com cinco animais; Grupo Carbopol, com cinco animais; e Grupo Baccharis dracunculifolia, com dez animais. No Grupo Controle, não se realizou nenhum tratamento. No Grupo Carbopol, realizou-se infusão diária de carbopol, e no Grupo Baccharis dracunculifolia, infusão de extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia com carbopol, ambos por 30 dias. Foram retirados espécimes para análise histológica após a eutanásia. Resultados: não houve fechamento completo do trajeto fistuloso em nenhum dos animais. A média da área do trajeto resultante foi de 847,2µm2, 565,6µm2 e 372,7µm2, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,001). A média do escore de processo inflamatório foi de 2,4, 2,4 e 2,1, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,285), enquanto a média de congestão vascular foi de 1,6, 1,4 e 1,1, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,031). Conclusão: o extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia foi capaz de reduzir o lúmen dos trajetos fistulosos e a congestão vascular, sem reduzir, no entanto, o processo inflamatório local ou fechar totalmente os trajetos fistulosos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of Baccharis dracunculifolia extract in the treatment of anal fistulas in rats. Methods: twenty male Wistar rats were submitted to anal fistula and, after 30 days, were divided into three groups: Control Group, with five animals; Carbopol Group, with five animals; and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, with ten animals. In the Control Group, no treatment was performed. In the Carbopol Group, a daily infusion of Carbopol was performed for 30 days. In the Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, a daily infusion of Carbopol plus Baccharis dracunculifolia extract was performed for 30 days. Specimens were taken for histological analysis after euthanasia. Results: there was no complete closure of the fistulous tract in any of the animals. The mean area of the remaining tract was of 847.2µm2, 565.6µm2 and 372.7µm2, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.001). The mean of the inflammatory process score was of 2.4, 2.4, and 2.1, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.285), while the mean values of vascular congestion were of 1.6, 1.4, and 1.1, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.031). Conclusion: Baccharis dracunculifolia extract was able to reduce the lumen of the fistulous tracts and the degree of vascular congestion, without, however, reducing the local inflammatory process or totally closing the fistulous tracts.

Extractos vegetales de tres especies del género Baccharis inducen la proliferación de células mononucleares humanas / Plant extracts of three species of the genus Baccharis induce human mononuclear cells proliferation

Las plantas de uso en medicina tradicional constituyen una fuente importante de compuestos con actividad inmunomoduladora; entre ellas las especies del género Baccharis, conocidas popularmente como "Jaguareteka´a" en nuestro país, son ampliamente empleadas. En este estudio se evaluó la actividad inmunomoduladora de extractos metanólicos de tres especies del género Baccharis (B. trimera, B. notosergilay B. punctulata) sobre la proliferación de células mononucleares humanas de sangre periférica. Los extractos de las tres especies estudiadas estimularon la proliferación de las células mononucleares. Específicamente, el extracto de B. notosergila estimuló la proliferación celular a todas las concentraciones probadas (5, 10, 25 y 50 µg/mL), mientras que los extractos de B. trimera y B. punctulata mostraron este efecto a 5 y 10 µg/mL. Además, por presentar mayor inducción de la proliferación, se realizó un fraccionamiento con diferentes solventes del extracto metanólico de B. notosergila y B. punctulata. La fracción de acetato de etilo de ambos extractos vegetales aumentó la proliferación celular, sugiriendo que compuestos de polaridad media son los responsables de esta actividad. Estos resultados demuestran que los extractos de B. trimera, B. notosergila y B. punctulata poseen actividad inmunomoduladora sobre células mononucleares humanas y servirán de base a otros estudios para determinar el o los componentes activos de los extractos sobre el sistema inmune(AU)

Plants used in traditional medicine are an important source of compounds with immunomodulatory activity. Species of the genus Baccharis, popularly known as "Jaguareteka'a" in our country, are used in folk medicine for the treatment of liver, gastrointestinal, inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extracts of three species of the genus Baccharis (B. trimera, B. notosergila and B. punctulata) on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Extracts of the three species studied stimulated the proliferation of mononuclear cells. The extract of B. notosergila stimulated cell proliferation at all concentrations tested, while extracts of B. trimera and B. punctulata stimulated at 5 and 10 µg/mL. In addition, we carried out a separation with different solvents of the methanolic extract of B. notosergila and B. punctulata. The ethyl acetate fraction of both plant extracts induced the proliferation of immune cells. These results show that the extracts of B. trimera, B. notosergila and B. punctulata had immunomodulatory activity on human mononuclear cells. Future work will be required to identify the components responsible for the activity on the immune system(AU)

Micropropagation of Baccharis antioquensis (Asteraceae) and photoinduction of polyphenols by UV radiation / Micropropagación de Baccharis antioquensis (Asteraceae) y fotoinducción de polifenoles mediante radiación UV

Abstract Polyphenols are a large diversity of chemical types and interactions that can be responsible for a multiplicity of protective functions ranging from toxicity and light/UV shielding to signal transduction. Bacharis antioquensis has been described as a potential source of new photoprotective compounds with antioxidant capacity associated to polyphenols compounds. The aim of the present work was to develop a micropropagation protocol of B. antioquensis and evaluate the production of polyphenols by in vitro plants exposure to UVB radiation. Branches in juvenile stage of B. antioquensis were collected, desinfected and cultured on half strength Murashige and Skoog medium, supplemented or not with growth regulators (TDZ, BA or GA3) on light/darkness conditions and liquid/solid media. After UV treatments, the absorption coefficient in the UVA-UVB range, the antioxidant capacity and the total phenol content (TPC) from all tissue cultures and the wild tissue were evaluated. Growth regulators, light conditions and type of culture medium (solid or liquid) had a favorable effect on the response of explants. Treatments containing BA + GA3 regulators (2 and 0.5 mg/L respectively) and TDZ (0.5 mg/L) showed positive results in bud growth in liquid medium and darkness. Results showed that UVR exhibited promoting effects on the accumulation of polyphenols, enhancing the absorption coefficient in the UVA-UVB range, the antiradical capacity and the TPC of B. antioquensis in vitro plants. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 754-764. Epub 2018 June 01.

Resumen Los polifenoles son compuestos químicos con una diversidad de interacciones que pueden ser responsables de muchas funciones, que van desde la toxicidad hasta la protección y blindaje contra la luz/UV. Baccharis antioquensis es una fuente potencial de compuestos fotoprotectores con capacidad antioxidante. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar un protocolo de micropropagación para B. antioquensis y evaluar la producción de polifenoles in vitro por exposición a la radiación UVB. Ramas juveniles fueron colectadas y cultivadas en medio de Murashige y Skoog (MS) y suplementadas o no con reguladores de crecimiento (TDZ, BA o GA3) en diferentes condiciones de luz/oscuridad y medios líquidos/sólidos. Después de los tratamientos UVR, se midió el espectro de absorción UV y se evaluó el coeficiente de absorción en la región UVA-UVB, la capacidad antioxidante y TPC tanto en las plantas in vitro como en las plantas silvestres. Los tratamientos que contenían reguladores BA + GA3 (2 y 0.5 mg / L respectivamente) y TDZ (0.5 mg / L) mostraron resultados positivos en el crecimiento del brote en medio líquido y en condiciones de oscuridad. Los resultados mostraron que la UVR tiene efectos promotores sobre la acumulación de metabolitos secundarios, aumentando el coeficiente de absorción en la región UVA-UVB, la capacidad antiradicalaria y TPC en las plantas in vitro.

In vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on animal herpesviruses / Atividade antiviral in vitro de extratos de própolis e de Baccharis sp. sobre herpes vírus animal

This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on three animal herpesviruses (bovine, equine and swine). The propolis samples were produced by two species of bees. There was red and green propolis, which came from africanized Apis melifera, and a third type obtained from a native bee species, Tetragonisca angustula (jatai). The Baccharis extracts were obtained from four different species: B. oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia and B. uncinella. The maximum non-toxic concentration of the extracts was determined when no visible morphological changes were observed on the cells. These non-toxic concentrations were used in the antiviral tests. Antiviral activity was evaluated using a reduction assay of the cytopathic effect, which calculated the difference between treated and control virus titer by statistical analysis. Red propolis was active against the three herpesviruses and green propolis showed inhibition against the equine and swine herpesviruses. Conversely, jataí propolis showed no antiviral activity. Most extracts coming from male and female individuals of all of the Baccharis species showed antiviral activity against bovine and swine herpesviruses. Only the extract of the female specimen of B. oblongifolia was an inhibitor against equine herpesvirus.(AU)

O trabalho avaliou a atividade antiviral in vitro de própolis e espécies de Baccharis sobre três herpes vírus animais (bovino, equino e suíno). As própolis foram produzidas por duas espécies de abelhas. Pela Apis melifera (abelha africanizada) foram obtidas duas própolis, vermelha e verde, e uma terceira foi obtida pela abelha nativa Tetragonisca angustula (abelha jataí). Os extratos de Baccharis foram obtidos de 4 espécies diferentes: B. ­oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia e B. uncinella. A concentração máxima não tóxica dos extratos foi determinada pela ausência de alterações morfológicas nas células, e essas concentrações então utilizadas nos testes antivirais. A atividade antiviral foi avaliada pela redução do efeito citopático e calculada a partir da diferença entre o título viral do tratado pelo controle e feita a análise estatística. A própolis vermelha foi ativa contra os três herpes vírus, e a própolis verde apresentou inibição contra os herpes vírus equino e suíno, enquanto a própolis da abelha jataí não apresentou atividade antiviral. A maioria dos extratos dos indivíduos masculinos e femininos de todas as espécies de Baccharis apresentou atividade antiviral contra os herpes vírus bovino e suíno. Apenas o extrato do indivíduo feminino de B. oblongifolia foi inibidor contra o herpes vírus equino.(AU)

Estudio de propiedades moleculares de cuatro flavonoides de Baccharis boliviensis / Study of molecular properties of four flavonoids of baccharis boliviensis

En este trabajo de investigación se realizó un estudio de relación estructura y actividad antioxidante empleando métodos computacionales basándose en propiedades estructurales y electrónicas, para lograr este objetivo se utilizó el programa computacional Hyperchem versión 8.0.1 empleando métodos cuánticos semiempiricos, a partir de las estructuras más estables obtenidas se calcularon longitudes de enlace, cargas atómicas, entalpias de disociación de enlace y orbitales moleculares de los cuatro flavonoides de Baccharis boliviensis aislados e identificados por el grupo de investigadores de Almanza, G. et.al en el año 2012. Al relacionar todos los datos obtenidos con la capacidad antioxidante se encontró que la actividad antioxidante entre los cuatro flavonoides el flavonoide 4 tiene mayor capacidad antioxidante debido al mayor número de grupos hidroxilo y a los valores bajos de energía de disociación de enlace EDE relativa respecto al flavonoide 1 que ocuparía el segundo lugar en términos de capacidad antioxidante, apoyan a estos resultados el hecho de considerar los valores de la segunda diferencia de energía de disociación de enlace EDE entre estos dos flavonoides se obtiene una diferencia de 1.106 H (Hartrees) para el flavonoide 4 y 1.4651H para el flavonoide 1. Los flavonoides 2 y 3 ocuparían las posiciones 3 y 4 en términos de capacidad antioxidante respectivamente. En conclusión la actividad antioxidante de los cuatro flavonoides estudiados presenta el siguiente orden de mayor a menor actividad antioxidante: flavonoide 4 > flavonoide 1 > flavonoide 2 > flavonoide 3.

In this research work was carried out a study of relationship structure and antioxidant activity using computational methods based on structural and electronic properties, to achieve this objective we used the computer program Hyperchem version 8.0.1 using semiempirical quantum methods, from structures More stable, bond lengths, atomic charges, bond dissociation enthalpies and molecular orbitals of the four Baccharis boliviensis flavonoids isolated and identified by the Almanza group, G Et.al in 2012, were calculated. By relating all the data obtained with the antioxidant capacity it was found that the antioxidant activity among the four flavonoids flavonoid 4 has higher antioxidant capacity due to the higher number of hydroxyl groups and the lower energy values of linkage dissociation EDE relative to flavonoid 1 that would occupy the second place in terms of antioxidant capacity, support to these results the fact of considering the values of the second energy difference of linkage dissociation EDE between these two flavonoids gives a difference of 1,106 H (Hartrees) for the flavonoid 4 and 1.4651H for flavonoid 1. The flavonoids 2 and 3 would occupy positions 3 and 4 in terms of antioxidant capacity respectively. In conclusion the antioxidant activity of the four flavonoids studied has the following order of highest to lowest antioxidant activity: Flavonoid 4> flavonoid 1> flavonoid 2> flavonoid 3.

Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Baccharis trimera on the proliferation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera leaves on the proliferative capacity of the liver after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats weighing between 300 and 450g were divided into two groups: control (HP) and test (HP100-rats that received the aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera for four days at a dose of 100 mg / kg / day). On the fifth day, animals from both groups underwent resection of 70% of the liver. Twenty-four hours later, they were sacrificed and the remnant liver was removed and prepared for studied through PCNA immunohistochemistry. Data analysis for comparison between the two groups was made through the non-parametric statistical test Mann-Whitney test. Results: In all the animals studied was found most abundant nuclear immunostaining positive hepatocytes interlobular located in regions of the liver. Quantitative analysis of PCNA-positive cells revealed positivity rate significantly higher mean (p = 0.02) in HP100 group (77.1 ± 13.6) compared to the HP group (45.8 ± 12.9). Conclusion: DAdministration of aqueous extract of the leaves of Baccharis trimera 100 mg/kg of animal has a significant positive effect on liver regeneration in rats, 24 hours after hepatectomy (70%).

Cribado fitoquímico del Baccharis latifolia (R&P.) Pers. (chilca) / Phytochemical screening of Baccharis latifolia (R&P.) Pers. (chilca)

Introducción: Baccharis latifolia (R.&P.) Pers. (chilca), es una especie espontánea que crece en las riberas de los ríos. En el Perú abunda y habita entre 1000 y 4000 m. Es una planta dioica arbustiva de 1 a 2 m de altura. Presenta tallo cilíndrico, estriado longitudinalmente; hojas simples, alternas, pecioladas; limbo aovado-lanceolado; capítulo en cimas corimbosas y aquenio cilíndrico.mObjetivo: identificar metabolitos secundarios de interés medicinal en las hojas de B. latifolia. Métodos: para la colección del material botánico se emplearon los métodos de Cerrate y Ramagosa et al. El cribado fitoquímico se realizó por el método de Olga Lock. Por colorimetría, se catalogó cualitativamente la presencia del metabolito en "+++" (abundante), "++" (moderado), "+" (leve) y "-" (ausencia). Se evaluó la presencia de los siguientes metabolitos: alcaloides, fenoles, flavonoides, carbohidratos, aminoácidos y lípidos. Resultados: los metabolitos detectados con alta presencia fueron los fenoles (+++) en todos los extractos, excepto en el extracto con solvente n-hexano. Asimismo, se evidenció la presencia de flavonoides (+++) y alcaloides (+++) en el extracto acidulado. Igualmente, se comprobó la existencia carbohidratos en todos los extractos excepto en el extracto con n-Hexano. No se detectaron aminoácidos ni lípidos. Conclusiones: las hojas de B. latifolia contienen abundantes compuestos fenólicos, en los extractos etanólico, clorofórmico y acidulado y se evidenció ausencia de estos en el extracto en n-hexano. Asimismo, se observó alta presencia de alcaloides en el extracto acidulado de B. latifolia. Los extractos de las hojas de B. latifolia no presentan aminoácidos ni lípidos(AU)

Introduction: Baccharis latifolia (R.&P.) Pers. (chilca) is a wild species that grows on riverbanks. The species is abundant in Peru, where it grows between 1 000 and 4 000 m. It is a shrubby dioicous plant 1 to 2 m in height. The stem is cylindrical and longitudinally striated; the leaves are simple, alternate and petiolated, with ovate-lanceolate blades; capitula in corymbous tips and cylindrical achenes. Objective: Identify secondary metabolites of medicinal interest in leaves of B. latifolia. Methods: Collection of the botanical material was based on the Cerrate and Ramagosa et al methods. Phytochemical screening followed Olga Lock's method. For colorimetry, presence of the metabolite was qualitatively classed as "+++" (abundant), "++" (moderate), "+" (mild) or "-" (absent). Presence of the following metabolites was evaluated: alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids. Results: Phenols were found to be abundant (+++) in all extracts, except for the extract with n-hexane solvent. Flavonoids (+++) and alkaloids (+++) were present in the acidulated extract. Carbohydrates were found in all extracts except for the extract with n-hexane. Amino acids and lipids were not found. Conclusions: Leaves of B. latifolia contain abundant phenolic compounds in the ethanolic, chloroformic and acidulated extracts, but they are absent in the n-hexane extract. Alkaloids were abundant in the acidulated extract of B. latifolia. Extracts of leaves of B. latifolia do not contain amino acids or lipids(AU)

Evaluación de la variación de flavonoides por cambios de altitud y estación de dos Baccharis del Valle de La Paz / Evaluation of the variation of flavonoids by changes in altitude and station of two Baccharis of the Valley of La Paz

En este sentido, en el presente estudio se seleccionarán 5 Baccharis del valle de La Paz: B. latifolia, B. papillosa, B. boliviensis, B. pentlandii y B. tola, entre las cuales las de mayor interés son B. latifolia y B. papillosa, debido a que ya se realizaron varios estudios que demostraron la importancia de B. latifolia como planta medicinal de interés industrial, ya que debido a su contenido de flavonoides con actividad antiinflamatoria y analgésica, se realizaron varios estudios complementarios que dieron las bases para la producción de una crema antiinflamatoria y analgésica "Chillkaflam" en base al extracto de esta planta (Almanza & Salcedo, 2012). Por otro lado, B. papillosa tiene derivados de ácido cinámico y flavonoides con actividad fotoprotectora (Curi, 2012). Por lo que, en el presente trabajo se realizará la evaluación del contenido de principios activos de estas especies en diferentes estaciones del año y alturas, considerando este estudio de gran importancia para determinar las mejores condiciones de producción y recolección de la materia vegetal para la elaboración de productos de interés medicinal en base a estas plantas. (AU)

Identificación, cuantificación y propiedades farmacológicas de flavonoides de Baccharis latifolia (Chilca) y Arachis hypogaea (Maní) / Identification, quantification and pharmacological properties of flavonoids of Baccharis latifolia (Chilca) and Arachis hypogaea (Maní)

Se realizó el estudio químico y farmacológico de las especies vegetales Baccharis latifolia (chilca), planta medicinal ampliamente distribuida en valles secos del occidente boliviano y Arachis hypogaea (maní), planta alimenticia con alta producción en los valles de Chuquisaca, Tarija y Santa Cruz, específicamente en los municipios del Chaco boliviano. De la especie vegetal Baccharis latifolia (chilca) se logró obtener: el Extracto Etanólico (EEBL); la metodología para el Extracto Rico en Compuestos Fenólicos (ERCF); identificación de 13 flavonoides mediante técnicas de RMN 1D y 2D, de los cuales 6 fueron cuantificados utilizando un método HPLC con Patrón Interno; los dos extractos y 8 flavonoides fueron evaluados en su capacidad antioxidante por las técnicas DPPH, ABTS y Folin Ciocalteau; por último los extractos y 4 flavonoides fueron evaluados en su capacidad antiinflamatoria in vitro mediante los mediadores de inflamación PGE2, LC4, TNF-α, NO e IL-6. En los ensayos antioxidante, se determinó que los extractos EEBL y ERCF tienen capacidad antioxidante similar y que el flavonoide mayoritario Luteolina tiene la mejor actividad inhibidora de radicales libres, confirmándose resultados previos que demuestran que las principales características estructurales requeridas para que un flavonoide sea eficiente en la eliminación de radicales libres, son un anillo B tipo catecol y grupos OH en C-3 y C-5. En la evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria de los extractos EEBL, ERCF y 4 flavonoides mayoritarios, se determinó que el extracto etanólico en general presenta una actividad inhibitoria significativa frente a todos los mediadores evaluados, por lo que es un agente antiinflamatorio de amplio espectro; mientras que los flavonoides en algunos casos son efectivos (NO, LC-4 y PG-2) pero en otros casos no (IL-6 y TNF-α), lo que sugiere que la actividad del extracto no se debe solamente a la presencia de flavonoides. De la especie vegetal Arachis hypogaea (maní) se obtuvo muestras de cáscaras de 41 cultivares de maní proporcionadas por el Banco de Germoplasma de BIORENA de la USFX de Chuquisaca y de colectas realizadas en colaboración del Ing. Eloy Blanco del Instituto Superior Tecnológico Agroindustrial de Monteagudo (ISTAM), además de 4 muestras obtenidas de los diferentes mercados de Sucre. Las cáscaras contienen luteolina, un flavonoide de interesantes propiedades farmacológicas, por lo que se cuantificó la cantidad de luteolina mediante un método de cromatografía HPLC con Patrón Interno. Según los resultados obtenidos, la muestra que presentó mayor concentración de luteolina fue la muestra procesada (tostada), obtenida de los mercados de la ciudad de Sucre, del cultivar conocido como Larguillo de Icla; las siguientes en contenido de luteolina fueron las muestras sin procesar "Phiti cintura colorado" y "Pico y Loro". Por otra parte, del extracto etanólico de cáscaras de maní del cultivar Larguillo de Icla, se obtuvo un extracto rico en luteolina (ERL) del cual se aisló Luteolina; el compuesto aislado fue comparado con un estándar adquirido de Sigma-Aldrich, confirmándose su identidad. El estándar fue utilizado para la cuantificación por el método de Patrón Interno por HPLC, mientras que el compuesto aislado fue utilizado para los estudios de termoestabilidad. Los estudios de termoestabilidad fueron realizados tanto de los extractos como del compuesto aislado, mostrando que a los diferentes tiempos y temperaturas evaluados (50, 60 y 80ºC), son todos termoestables. Esto corrobora el hecho de que se puede utilizar las cáscaras tostadas para la obtención de Luteolina y extracto rico en Luteolina (ERL), ya que a la temperatura de tostado (80ºC) la Luteolina permanece estable. Las actividades farmacológicas evaluadas nos muestran que tanto los extractos, como el compuesto aislado tienen propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias, incrementándose la actividad antioxidante en el extracto desengrasado (ERL) respecto al extracto EtOH y más aún en el compuesto aislado luteolina. En cuanto a la actividad antiinflamatoria la luteolina presenta una actividad inhibitoria significativa tanto frente al agente pro-inflamatorio NO, como frente a los mediadores de procesos inflamatorios LC-4 y PG-2, mientras que para los mediadores IL-6, TNF- α no presenta actividad significativa. Por lo tanto, tanto el compuesto puro luteolina, como los ERL, obtenidos de la cascara de maní, pueden ser principios activos para la elaboración de potenciales productos fitoterapéuticos con actividad antioxidante y/o antiinflamatoria. (AU)

Evaluación de la actividad de Baccharis latifolia en modelos de artritis experimental / Evaluation of Baccharis latifolia activity in experimental arthritis models

La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad crónica de naturaleza autoinmune e inflamatoria que conduce a la formación de pannus seguido de la destrucción de las articulaciones, se caracteriza por hiperplasia sinovial, inflamación y angiogénesis. La especie vegetal Baccharis latifolia es utilizada tradicionalmente en muchas regiones de nuestro país para tratar el dolor, la inflamación y la artritis. En el presente estudio se evaluó la actividad antiartrítica del extracto etanólico de B. latifolia en modelos murinos de artritis reumatoide inducida por adyuvante, la estimación del edema/espesor de la pata inflamada, parámetros hematológicos (hemoglobina, velocidad de sedimentación globular, recuento de eritrocitos, recuento total de leucocitos) y observación radiológica fueron evaluados. La administración oral del extracto etanólico de B. latifolia (600 mg/kg de p.c.) inhibió significativamente (p<0.001) el incremento del edema/espesor de la pata en el modelo de artritis subcrónica. Del mismo modo, B. latifolia (500 mg/kg de p.c.) inhibió significativamente el incremento del edema/espesor de la pata en el modelo de artritis crónica (p<0.05, p<0.01), los pesos de los animales se mantuvieron sin variación durante el tratamiento. Por otro lado, los parámetros hematológicos señalan que los niveles de hemoglobina disminuyen en ratones artríticos y que esta disminución es revertida tras la administración de los extractos de B. latifolia, este mismo perfil de recuperación es observado tras el recuento de glóbulos rojos. Adicionalmente, la velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG) incrementada en ratones artríticos, es revertida tras la administración de B. latifolia. El análisis radiológico evidenció el efecto del extracto etanólico de B. latifolia en el retraso de la destrucción ósea. Los resultados sugieren que el extracto etanólico de B. latifolia tiene una potencial actividad antiartrítica.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease leading to pannus formation followed by the destruction of the joints; it is characterized by synovial hyperplasia, inflammation and angiogenesis. The plant species Baccharis latifolia is traditionally used in many regions of our country to treat pain, inflammation and arthritis. In the present study the anti-arthritic activity of ethanol extract of B. latifolia was evaluated in murine experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by adjuvant, edema estimation / thickness of the inflamed foot, hematological parameters (hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, erythrocyte count was assessed, total white blood cell) and radiological observation were evaluated. The oral administration of the ethanolic extract of B. latifolia (600 mg / kg p.c.) significantly inhibited (p<0,001) increased edema / paw thickness in the subchronic model of arthritis. Similarly, B. latifolia (500 mg / kg bw) significantly inhibited the increase of edema / paw thickness in the model of chronic arthritis (p <0.05, p <0.01), the weights of the animals were kept without variation during treatment. Moreover hematological parameters indicate that hemoglobin levels decrease in arthritic mice and that this decline is reversed after administration of the extracts of B. latifolia, this same profile is observed recovery after red blood cell count. Additionally, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increased in arthritic mice is reversed after administration of B. latifolia. The radiological analysis showed the effect of ethanol extract of B. latifolia in delaying bone destruction. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract of B. latifolia has potential antiarthritic activity.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (carqueja-amarga) / Aceite esencial de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (carqueja-amarga): actividad antimicrobiana

Introduction: the recent enhancement of interest in green consumerism has given rise to a renewed scientific awareness towards essential oils. Essential oil from Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (B. trimera) (Asteraceae) is cited as one of the ten most consumed oils by the cosmetic and other industries in Brazil. Objective: to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the leaves of B. trimera against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 7468 and Corynebacterium xerosis IAL105, which are the main bacteria responsible for bad perspiration odor. Methods: the gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the turbidimetric method, using a microdilution assay. Results: ywenty constituents were identified, being that ß-pinene (23.4 percent) was the major compound found. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the essential oil ranged from 500 µg/mL to 1,000 µg/mL. A detrimental effect of the essential oil was observed on the morphology of cell membranes of the bacteria studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Conclusions: the results demonstrate the essential oil of B. trimera has potential in the application of antimicrobial agents in personal care products(AU)

Introducción: el reciente aumento del interés por el consumo verde ha dado lugar a una renovada conciencia científica hacia a los aceites esenciales. El aceite esencial de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (B. trimera) (Asteraceae) es considerado uno de los diez aceites más consumidos por la industria cosmética del Brasil. Objetivos: valorar la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hojas de B. trimera frente al Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 7468 y Corynebacterium xerosis IAL105, que son las principales bacterias responsables del mal olor que es consecuencia de la transpiración. Métodos: se realizó la cromatografía de gases (GG) y la actividad antimicrobiana fué valorada por el método turbidimétrico, usando el ensayo de microdilución. Resultados: se identificarón veinte constituyentes, siendo el ß-pineno (23,4 por ciento) el principal compuesto encontrado. Los valores de la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) del aceite esencial variaron de 500 µg/mL a 1,000 µg/mL. Se observó un efecto perjudicial del aceite esencial en la morfología de las membranas celulares de las bacterias estudiadas por microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Conclusión: los resultados demuestran que el aceite esencial de B. trimera tiene potencial en la aplicación de los agentes antimicrobianos en productos de higiene personal(AU)